Hypophosphatasia (HPP)
HPP is an inherited disease associated with low serum alkaline phosphatase activity.
Adult HPP disease characteristics
In adults, reduced serum alkaline phosphatase activity generally results in functional limitations with quality of life compromised by muscle weakness, mobility constraints, pain and fatigue. Disease often occurs in middle-aged adults and has a progressive but varied presentation.
Patients can develop a range of other complications including: chondrocalcinosis, joint inflammation, osteoarthropathy, vertebral fracture, musculoskeletal discomfort, muscle fatigue, hypercalcemia, nephrocalcinosis, kidney failure, chronic inflammation, and neurological symptoms such as severe pain. Data from patients in the Global Hypophosphatasia Registry show that considerable disability and compromised quality of life occur even in patients without overt skeletal manifestations.
HPP disease management
For adults with pediatric-onset HPP there is currently one treatment option, an alkaline phosphatase enzyme replacement therapy (asfotase alfa) administered via subcutaneous injection, to treat bone manifestations. Asfotase alfa is not indicated for hypophosphatasia identified in adults.
However, moderately affected patients are less likely to be diagnosed when young and, as a result, are ineligible for asfotase alfa treatment, and they therefore do not receive disease-specific treatment as symptoms develop in later life. As a result, older patients with moderate to severe disease often remain untreated and can be left with reduced quality of life and severely debilitating pain, muscle weakness, and mobility issues. There is a clear unmet need for individuals whose hypophosphatasia is diagnosed in adulthood.
Ilofotase alfa in HPP
Ilofotase alfa is able to cleave pyrophosphate to release inorganic phosphate which can be incorporated into hydroxyapatite crystals that mineralize bones, with the potential to restore skeletal integrity in HPP patients. Ilofotase alfa does not contain a bone-targeting sequence, which raises the possibility that it could also manage non-bone consequences such as pain and muscle weakness associated with elevated levels of other substrates such as pyridoxal 5’-phosphate (PLP). Recent preclinical studies support ilofotase alfa’s potential to extend the effects beyond bone health, with potential benefits for other body systems, such as muscle, affected by HPP[1].
Further preclinical proof-of-concept was demonstrated in mice with a knockout mutation in the TNAP gene. Ilofotase alfa alleviated multiple HPP manifestations in these animals: improving bone and dental mineralization and cartilage development; reducing the development of craniosynostosis, kidney inflammation/calcification, and seizures; and normalizing body weight and lifespan[3].
The Phase 1b clinical proof of concept study with ilofotase alfa in adult HPP patients showed increased alkaline phosphatase activity levels, a dose-dependent, pharmacological relevant effect on all primary disease-specific biomarkers (PPi, PLP, PEA), and a positive safety profile[2].
The pre-clinical data indicate potential efficacy for ilofotase alfa in HPP and are supported by clinical data in healthy volunteers; additionally clinical safety data in healthy volunteers and patients with other disease indications[4], indicate a very favorable safety profile.